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A `!common data model`! (`!CDM`!) can refer to any standardised `F33f`_`[data model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Data_model]`_`f which allows for `F33f`_`[data`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Data]`_`f and `F33f`_`[information exchange`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Information_exchange]`_`f between different `F33f`_`[applications`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Application_software]`_`f and `F33f`_`[data sources`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Database]`_`f. Common data models aim to standardise logical infrastructure so that related applications can "operate on and share the same data",`:cite-ref-1[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-1]`_`f] and can be seen as a way to "organize data from many sources that are in different formats into a standard structure".`:cite-ref-2[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-2]`_`f]

A common data model has been described as one of the components of a "`F33f`_`[strong information system`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Technical_data_management_system]`_`f".`:cite-ref-3[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-3]`_`f] A standardised common data model has also been described as a typical component of a well designed `F33f`_`[agile application`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Agile_application]`_`f besides a common communication protocol.`:cite-ref-4[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-4]`_`f] Providing a single common data model within an organisation is one of the typical tasks of a `F33f`_`[data warehouse`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Data_warehouse]`_`f.

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[Examples of common data models`#examples-of-common-data-models]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Border crossings`#border-crossings]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Climate data`#climate-data]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[General information technology`#general-information-technology]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Health`#health]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Logistics`#logistics]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Microsoft Common Data Model`#microsoft-common-data-model]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Rail transport`#rail-transport]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Other`#other]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[See also`#see-also]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

-─

>>Examples of common data models

>>>Border crossings

`F33f`_`[X-trans.eu`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Once-only_principle]`_`f was a cross-border pilot project between the `F33f`_`[Free State of Bavaria`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bavaria]`_`f (Germany) and `F33f`_`[Upper Austria`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Upper_Austria]`_`f with the aim of developing a faster procedure for the application and approval of cross-border large-capacity transports. The portal was based on a common data model that contained all the information required for approval.

>>>Climate data

The Climate Data Store Common Data Model is a common data model set up by the `F33f`_`[Copernicus Climate Change Service`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Copernicus_Climate_Change_Service]`_`f for harmonising essential `F33f`_`[climate variables`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Climate_change]`_`f from different sources and data providers.

>>>General information technology

Within `F33f`_`[service-oriented architecture`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Service-oriented_architecture]`_`f, S-RAMP is a specification released by `F33f`_`[HP`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hewlett-Packard]`_`f, `F33f`_`[IBM`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=IBM]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Software AG`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Software_AG]`_`f, `F33f`_`[TIBCO`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=TIBCO]`_`f, and `F33f`_`[Red Hat`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Red_Hat]`_`f`:cite-ref-lublinsky-2010-5-0[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-lublinsky-2010-5]`_`f] which defines a common data model for SOA repositories`:cite-ref-stam-2014-6-0[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-stam-2014-6]`_`f] as well as an interaction protocol to facilitate the use of common tooling and sharing of data.`:cite-ref-smithson-2014-7-0[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-smithson-2014-7]`_`f]

`F33f`_`[Content Management Interoperability Services`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Content_Management_Interoperability_Services]`_`f (CMIS) is an open standard for inter-operation of different `F33f`_`[content management systems`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Content_management_system]`_`f over the internet, and provides a common data model for typed files and folders used with `F33f`_`[version control`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Version_control]`_`f.`:cite-ref-8[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-8]`_`f]

The NetCDF software libraries for array-oriented scientific data implements a common data model called the `F33f`_`[NetCDF Java common data model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=NetCDF]`_`f, which consists of three layers built on top of each other to add successively richer semantics.

>>>Health

Within `F33f`_`[genomic and medical data`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Genomic_and_medical_data]`_`f, the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) research program established under the U.S. `F33f`_`[National Institutes of Health`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=National_Institutes_of_Health]`_`f has created a common data model for claims and electronic health records which can accommodate data from different sources around the world. PCORnet, which was developed by the `F33f`_`[Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Patient-Centered_Outcomes_Research_Institute]`_`f, is another common data model for health data including electronic health records and patient claims. The Sentinel Common Data Model was initially started as Mini-Sentinel in 2008. It is used by the Sentinel Initiative of the USA's Food and Drug Administration. The Generalized Data Model was first published in 2019. `:cite-ref-9[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-9]`_`f] It was designed to be a stand-alone data model as well as to allow for further transformation into other data models (e.g., OMOP, PCORNet, Sentinel). It has a hierarchical structure to flexibly capture relationships among data elements. The `F33f`_`[JANUS clinical trial data repository`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=JANUS_clinical_trial_data_repository]`_`f also provides a common data model which is based on the `F33f`_`[SDTM`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=SDTM]`_`f standard to represent clinical data submitted to regulatory agencies, such as tabulation datasets, patient profiles, listings, etc.

>>>Logistics

`F33f`_`[SX000i`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=SX000i_-_International_guide_for_the_use_of_the_S-Series_of_Integrated_Logistics_Support_(ILS)_specifications]`_`f is a specification developed jointly by the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD) and the American `F33f`_`[Aerospace Industries Association`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Aerospace_Industries_Association]`_`f (AIA) to provide information, guidance and instructions to ensure compatibility and the commonality. The associated SX002D specification contains a common data model.

>>>Microsoft Common Data Model

The Microsoft Common Data Model is a collection of many standardised extensible data schemas with entities, attributes, semantic metadata, and relationships, which represent commonly used concepts and activities in various businesses areas. It is maintained by `F33f`_`[Microsoft`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Microsoft]`_`f and its partners, and is published on `F33f`_`[GitHub`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=GitHub]`_`f.`:cite-ref-10[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-10]`_`f] Microsoft's Common Data Model is used amongst others in `F33f`_`[Microsoft Dataverse`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Microsoft_Dataverse]`_`f`:cite-ref-11[`F5bf`_`[11`#cite-note-11]`_`f] and with various `F33f`_`[Microsoft Power Platform`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Microsoft_Power_Platform]`_`f`:cite-ref-12[`F5bf`_`[12`#cite-note-12]`_`f] and `F33f`_`[Microsoft Dynamics 365`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Microsoft_Dynamics_365]`_`f`:cite-ref-13[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-13]`_`f] services.

>>>Rail transport

`F33f`_`[RailTopoModel`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=RailTopoModel]`_`f is a common data model for the `F33f`_`[railway sector`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Rail_transport]`_`f.`:cite-ref-14[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-14]`_`f]

>>>Other

There are many more examples of various common data models for different uses published by different sources.`:cite-ref-15[`F5bf`_`[15`#cite-note-15]`_`f]`:cite-ref-16[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-16]`_`f]`:cite-ref-17[`F5bf`_`[17`#cite-note-17]`_`f]`:cite-ref-18[`F5bf`_`[18`#cite-note-18]`_`f]`:cite-ref-19[`F5bf`_`[19`#cite-note-19]`_`f]

>>See also

• `F33f`_`[Apache OFBiz`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Apache_OFBiz]`_`f, an open source enterprise resource planning system which provides a common data model

• `F33f`_`[Canonical model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Canonical_model]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Data Reference Model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Data_Reference_Model]`_`f, one of five reference models of the U.S. government `F33f`_`[federal enterprise architecture`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Federal_enterprise_architecture]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Data platform`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Data_platform_(disambiguation)]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Metadata`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Metadata]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Open Semantic Framework`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Open_Semantic_Framework]`_`f, which internally uses the `F33f`_`[RDF`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Resource_Description_Framework]`_`f to convert all data to a common data model

• `F33f`_`[Requirements Interchange Format`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Requirements_Interchange_Format]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Generic data model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Generic_data_model]`_`f

>>References

`:cite-note-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-1]`_`f What is a Common Data Model? – How Does it Work? | Synopsys

`:cite-note-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-2]`_`f Common Data Model | James Serra's Blog

`:cite-note-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-3]`_`f Salvaneschi, Paolo; Lazzari, Marco (1997). Weak information systems for technical data management (PDF). Worldwide ECCE Symposium on computers in the practice of building and civil engineering. Lahti, Finland. pp. 310–314. Retrieved 2015-11-29

`:cite-note-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-4]`_`f "What is Data Modeling? | IBM". `*www.ibm.com`*. Retrieved 2023-07-04.

`:cite-note-lublinsky-2010-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-lublinsky-2010-5-0]`_`f Boris Lublinsky HP, IBM, Software AG and TIBCO Releases Version 0.9 of the SOA Repository Specification - http://www.infoq.com/news/2010/04/SOARepository InfoQ, April 27, 2010

`:cite-note-stam-2014-6`!6.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-stam-2014-6-0]`_`f Kurt Stam, Eric Wittmann S-RAMP Version 1.0. Part 1: Foundation - http://docs.oasis-open.org/s-ramp/s-ramp/v1.0/s-ramp-v1.0-part1-foundation.html OASIS, December 23, 2013

`:cite-note-smithson-2014-7`!7.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-smithson-2014-7-0]`_`f Martin Smithson, Vincent Brunssen S-RAMP Version 1.0. Part 2: Atom Binding - http://docs.oasis-open.org/s-ramp/s-ramp/v1.0/s-ramp-v1.0-part2-atom-binding.html OASIS, December 23, 2013

`:cite-note-8`!8.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-8]`_`f `:citerefvstath`aVstath, Bill. "Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) Version 1". `B100`F9d9{{cite journal}}`f`b: Cite journal requires `B100`F9d9|journal=`f`b (help)

`:cite-note-9`!9.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-9]`_`f `:citerefdanesehalperinduryeaduryea2019`aDanese, Mark D.; Halperin, Marc; Duryea, Jennifer; Duryea, Ryan (2019-06-24). "The Generalized Data Model for clinical research". `*BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making`*. `!19`! (1): 117. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1186/s12911-019-0837-5. `F33f`_`[ISSN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISSN_(identifier)]`_`f 1472-6947. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 6591926. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 31234921.

`:cite-note-10`!10.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-10]`_`f GitHub - microsoft/CDM: The Common Data Model (CDM) is a standard and extensible collection of schemas (entities, attributes, relationships) that represents business concepts and activities with well-defined semantics, to facilitate data interoperability. Examples of entities include: Account, Contact, Lead, Opportunity, Product, etc.

`:cite-note-11`!11.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-11]`_`f About - Common Data Model - Common Data Model | Microsoft Docs

`:cite-note-12`!12.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-12]`_`f What is the Common Data Model and Why Should I Care? Part 3 of Dataflow Series in Power BI - RADACAD

`:cite-note-13`!13.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-13]`_`f Microsoft Dynamics 365: the Common Data Model explained | Nigel Frank

`:cite-note-14`!14.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-14]`_`f UIC and railML act to create the foundations for a Universal Infrastructure Data Exchange Format | UIC Communications

`:cite-note-15`!15.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-15]`_`f Introducing the Common Data Model - IBM Documentation

`:cite-note-16`!16.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-16]`_`f Common Data Model (CDM) - EU Vocabularies - Publications Office of the EU

`:cite-note-17`!17.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-17]`_`f Common data model | Workato Docs

`:cite-note-18`!18.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-18]`_`f Common Data Model concepts - Documentation for BMC CMDB 20.02 - BMC Documentation

`:cite-note-19`!19.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-19]`_`f Common Data Model - Evolveum Docs

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